Nanorobotics, a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of nanotechnology and robotics, holds immense promise in revolutionizing pharmaceutical drug delivery and development. This comprehensive review article explores the various facets of nanorobotics and its pivotal role in the advancement of medicine. The article begins with an introduction to nanorobotics, providing a definition and historical background to contextualize its significance. Subsequently, it delves into nanorobotics' role in drug delivery, highlighting the challenges faced in conventional methods and the advantages of employing nanorobot-based systems. The review further explores nanorobotics in drug development, emphasizing its contribution to accelerating drug discovery and enabling personalized medicine. It discusses the different types of nanorobots utilized in pharmaceutical applications, including molecular, cellular, and hybrid systems. Additionally, the article covers the fabrication and propulsion techniques of nanorobots, along with navigation and control strategies. Furthermore, it delves into the interaction of nanorobots with biological systems and their potential applications in site-specific drug delivery and disease treatment. Ethical and regulatory considerations pertinent to nanorobotics in pharmaceuticals are also addressed. Finally, the review offers insights into future perspectives and challenges in the field, envisioning advanced drug delivery systems, targeted therapies, nanorobot swarms, and biohybrids. By comprehensively examining the subject, this review article presents a holistic understanding of nanorobotics potential in reshaping pharmaceutical practices for precision medicine and improved patient outcomes.

Systems for orodispersible drug delivery are widely used to increase patient compliance and bioavailability. Because of their enhanced solubility, stability profiles, and higher patient compliance compared to traditional tablets and capsules, orodispersible tablets (ODTs) have drawn a lot of attention in the last thirty years. The review of possible developments in ODT technology for drug delivery applications is the article's main goal. ODTs are prepared using a variety of methods, such as mass extrusion, tablet moulding, sublimation, freeze drying, and direct compression. ODTs may be the better option, particularly for GI-sensitive medications and for patients who fall into the paediatric, geriatric, bedridden, postoperative, or other categories and may have trouble swallowing traditional tablets and capsules. When placed on the tongue, ODTs-solid dosage forms containing medication-disintegrate quickly, often within a few seconds. ODTs have higher acceptability because of their increased bioavailability and stability, as well as patient compliance. This article examines current developments in ODT development, including new technologies, drug candidate suitability, and ODT characterization.

Bower and Sulez's work on global pharmaceutical strategy stands as a comprehensive analysis of the intricate landscape within this highly regulated and fiercely competitive industry. This article delve into critical themes, including regulatory compliance, market access strategies, and the role of innovation, acknowledging the industry's complexity marked by stringent regulations and intense competition. Emphasizing a holistic approach, the study explores nuanced strategies for navigating diverse regulatory frameworks globally, effective market entry, pricing considerations, and adapting to regional healthcare needs. Furthermore, the article highlight the significance of research and development, providing insights into fostering innovation, safeguarding intellectual property, and strategic collaborations. The work offers a balanced framework, addressing challenges and opportunities, making it a valuable resource for industry practitioners and future research in the dynamic global pharmaceutical sector.

The category of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) includes floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). These dose formulations are intended to extend the duration of the stomach's residence period by a sustained release technique. Drugs which are harder to dissolve in high pH environments have improved bioavailability and solubility when incorporated into GRDDS. Reduced intestinal absorption of solid dose forms can be accomplished by the flotation mechanism. The novel fusion of bilayer and floating mechanism is demonstrated by the bilayer floating drug delivery device. It demonstrates the effective creation of a controlled release formulation. Bilayer floating tablets offer a sustained release layer formulation in addition to an immediate release. A attempt was made to explain the mechanism of FDDS, or floating bilayer, in the review. In order to accomplish regulated administration of various medications with predetermined release profiles, bi-layer tablets were developed. The pharmaceutical industry has been more interested in creating bilayer tablets over the past ten years as a way to improve patient compliance and convenience by combining two or more API in a single dose form.

Ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound present in fruits and berries, with wide spectrum of therapeutic and prophylactic activities. It has wide spectrum of therapeutic, prophylactic and nutritional activities. It is traditionally being used for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes for treating hyperpigmentation, skin cancer and many other skin ailments. Unfortunately Ellagic acid suffers from disadvantages of poor solubility, stability, bioavailability, first pass effect and inter subject variability in gut metabolism. This put serious limit over its use as a therapeutic agent. Recently a focus is being made on improving EA delivery to the site of action using various novel drug delivery systems. Presenting EA topically in vesicular drug delivery as niosomes using natural penetration enhancer as almond oil or olive oil can improve its water solubility and transdermal penetration. It was also learned during literature survey that niosomes act as a good delivery system for hydrophobic drug and serve to increase their dermal penetration. Niosomal gel increases formulation stability and offer to increase drug penetration further and achieve controlled release drug delivery. Literature survey revealed that essential oils as olive, almond or mustard oil act as good natural penetration enhancer for drug in trasndermal gel formulation.

In current scenario medical experts have long struggled with how to deliver medication to targeted location into the body while also controlling the drug release rate to avoid overdosing. This issue may be resolve through the creation of novel, intricate formulation known as nano sponges. Nano sponges are small sponge, all around size virus, that may hold a range of medication. These microscopic sponges can move through the system until they reach the intended target region, where they adhere to surface and start to release the drug in steady and controlled manner. Nano sponges are a network or 3D polyester scaffold that are spontaneously decompose. These polyesters are combined with cross-linkers agent in a solution to create a nano sponge. When loaded nano sponge’s framework breakdown the drug particle is released. They are mostly in solid form and it can be formulated as oral, parenteral, topical, or inhalation dosage form, several studies havebeen conducted on protein, peptide, genes, anti-cancer biomolecules via nano-particle technology which hep to reduce undesirable effect and enhance efficacy.

When the high cardiac output exerts pressure on the arterial wall as blood flow increases, hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs. Bi-layer tablets consists with one layer of the drug prepared for immediate release or a second layer intended for sustained release, these can be used as an sustained release method or as a second dose. A bi-layered tablet is used to break away two chemicals that are incompatible, release both drugs continually in combination, or create a sustained release tablet with an initial dose that is released immediately and a maintenance dose that is granted as with time. Bilayer tablets can be used for sustained release tablets, where the first layer is immediate release as the initial dose and the second layer is delayed release. It can also be used for the sequential release of two drugs combination or at separate two incompatible items.

The research scheme of formulation and evaluation of extended-release oral suspension of metformin hydrochloride with the objective to develop a stable, redispersible oral liquid suspension based on extended-release pellets to facilitate swallowing in patients with diabetes. Pellets were prepared by using Bed Coating During Sliding method with the Metformin hydrochloride used as antidiabetic drug and various polymers. Extended release was affected by the ethylcellulose coating of drug formulation used as coating agent, MCC, Lactose, PVP K-30 Prepared metformin hydrochloride pellets putted in to prepared sugar free syrup vehicle using polymers like Xanthan Gum as a suspending agent for uniform drug distribution, Sorbitol solution, Aspartame are artificial sweeteners, Sodium Citrate, Potassium sorbate, Methyl paraben. The formulation was optimized based on Design expert software and Central Composite Design was used for study. Drug and polymers were studied for compatibility and interaction study, carried out by FTIR and DSC and found to be compatible to each other. The Redispersibility, Sedimentation volume, Sedimentation rate, Rheological Study, Viscosity, Specific gravity, Particle Size, dissolution study and %Drug content of formulated batches was evaluated. All the results were within the acceptable pharmacopeial limits and were evaluated statistically by using one way ANOVA test for quadratic model. From the result, MET6 batch was observed optimized formulation because up to 8 hrs 85.25% drug was released. kinetic studies of the drug release for optimized formulation follows zero order kinetics.

Liposomal drug design has emerged as a promising approach for targeted drug delivery. This article provides an overview of the principles and strategies involved in liposomal drug design, focusing on optimizing drug stability, controlled release, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. The composition of liposomes, including the selection of lipids, plays a crucial role in determining their properties. Size and surface modifications of liposomes enable targeted drug delivery to specific tissues or cells. Liposomes offer versatility in drug encapsulation and controlled release kinetics, improving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. Incorporating targeting ligands onto liposome surfaces enhances their affinity for diseased sites, allowing for selective drug accumulation. Stability and manufacturing considerations are vital for the successful translation of liposomal drug delivery systems. Overall, liposomal drug design holds significant potential in revolutionizing drug delivery for improved treatment outcomes.

Acne is a type of skin infection. It usually happens during puberty, when the sebaceous (oil) glands begin to function. Androgens are produced by the male and female adrenal glands and stimulate the glands. Acne vulgaris is a type of acne that means "common acne." It is a skin infection caused by sebaceous gland changes. The red colour is caused by skin inflammation caused by infection in the skin. Acne is a general skin condition that is associated with pimples and is common among teenagers. An anti-acne gel of Benzoyl peroxide containing silver nanoparticle was prepared using carbopol as a polymer and water as a solvent, and then incorporated into a topical gel using a magnetic stirrer. The product was checked for its physicochemical properties. The prepared gel’s pH, spread ability, drug content, viscosity, drug release, and antibacterial activity were statistically optimized and evaluated. The antibacterial and anti-acne activities of the various formulations were checked and compared with commercially available formulations using a modified agar well diffusion method for Staphylococcus aureus cultures. Prepared topical gel of Benzoyl peroxide was shown the pH range 5 to 6, viscosity 434±36.56 to 651±41.43 cp, spread ability range 15.29 to 24. 51g.cm/sec, zone of inhibition ranges 12.23 to 21.65mm, drug content ranges 91.26±0.74 to 98.74±0.63%, the drug release of gel formulation was after 12 hour was 80.74 to 71.52. The preparation of silver nanoparticles and incorporation into the Benzoyl peroxide-containing gel were done successfully. Various evaluations, i.e., the physiochemical analysis, spread ability, viscosity, drug content, drug release, and antibacterial study were done. This study demonstrates that the gel has a good texture, is easily spreadable, has high bioavailability, and is effective in treating acne.